Tag: Tiffany & Co

  • Asia leads Tiffany sales decline

    Asia leads Tiffany sales decline

    Asia has led a decline in global sales for US jeweller Tiffany & Co in both the first half year and the second quarter periods to July 31.

    Same-store Tiffany sales plunged 13 per cent in the six months in Asia-Pacific – excluding Japan where they rose 10 per cent, but fell on a constant currency basis.

    Sales growth in China and Korea was offset by a continuation of significant declines in Hong Kong and more moderate declines in most other markets, the company reported.

    Same-store North America sales declined 9 per cent in the six months, largely due to declining spending by Chinese tourists in the US.

    “The global environment continues to reflect well known challenges that we believe have had broad effects on spending by local customers, as well as foreign tourists, especially from China,” said CEO Frederic Cumenal.

    “We are managing expenses efficiently, but also maintaining our marketing spending as a percentage of sales and continuing to invest in key strategic initiatives and opportunities to further strengthen Tiffany’s competitive position among global luxury brands.”

    In the Asia-Pacific region, total sales of US$230 million in the second quarter and US$469 million in the first half were down 6 per cent and 7 per cent, respectively, and comparable store sales declined 12 per cent and 13 per cent. On a constant-exchange-rate basis, total sales and comparable store sales declined 3 per cent and 9 per cent in the second quarter and 4 per cent and 11 per cent in the first half.

    During the second quarter, worldwide net sales declined 6 per cent to $932 million and comparable store sales declined 8 per cent. Net earnings rose 1 per cent to $106 million, in the prior year. Net earnings declined 5 per cent from the prior-year period’s $111 million, which excludes a specific charge in that period.

    In the first half, worldwide net sales of $1.8 billion were down 7 per cent and comparable store sales declined 9 per cent. On a constant-exchange-rate basis, worldwide net sales and comparable store sales declined 6 per cent and 9 per cent, respectively.

    Net earnings for the half year were $193 million.

    Gross margin increased to 61.9 per cent in the second quarter and 61.6 per cent in the first half, due to lower product input costs, changes in product sales mix and price increases taken in the past year.

  • DFS Group Cambodia gala opening

    DFS Group Cambodia gala opening

    Luxury travel retailer DFS Group Cambodia has marked the opening of its first store, T Galleria by DFS, Angkor, with a gala event for more than 300 guests.

    DFS T-Galleria Angkor Cambodia

    In the resort town and provincial capital of Siem Reap, near the ancient temple of Angkor Wat, T Galleria by DFS, Angkor is the largest duty-free luxury department store in Cambodia. It offers travelers an integrated retail, hospitality and leisure experience with 170 brands across 86,000 sqft (7989 sqm).

    The opening celebration began with a ribbon-cutting ceremony, after which traditional Cambodian Apsara hostesses led guests through the two-storey store for traditional cultural performances and demonstrations by Cambodian craftsmen.

    DFS T-Galleria Angkor Cambodia 3

    From DFS Group were chairman/CEO Philippe Schaus and co-founder Robert Miller, while special guests included Cambodia’s Senior Minister of Economy and Finance Aun Pornmoniroth and Minister of Tourism Thong Khon.

    DFS Cambodia

    The store features a curated collection of Cambodian artisanal products designed and produced by more than 30 Cambodian artist workshops. At the event, Angkor Artwork, a Siem Reap design studio, demonstrated the art of lacquer work, while Golden Silk, one of the last fully integrated silk producers in the world, wove silk spun from Cambodian silk worms.

    DFS T-Galleria Angkor Cambodia 2

    Traditional Khmer motifs and carvings feature throughout the store, including a nearly 20m art installation suspended above the vaulted atrium.

    DFS T-Galleria Angkor Cambodia 1

    T Galleria by DFS Angkor also ranges more than 130 international brands including watches and jewellery from Bulgari, Cartier and Tiffany & Co and fashion from Bottega Veneta, Burberry, Fendi, Gucci and Saint Laurent. There are also more than 30 beauty and fragrance brands such as Cle de Peau Beaute, Dior, Estee Lauder and Giorgio Armani.

    DFS T-Galleria Angkor Cambodia 5

    The gala event also marked the official opening of the onsite restaurant, the first Crystal Jade outlet in Cambodia, serving traditional Chinese cuisine in a setting overlooking the gardens and reflecting pools outside.

    DFS T-Galleria Angkor Cambodia 6

    DFS T-Galleria Angkor Cambodia 8

    The event also provided a platform to officially announce the company’s sponsorship of several non-profit organisations focussed on helping underserved populations in Cambodia. Schaus presented a donation to Kuma Cambodia, which aims to reduce poverty through providing education, healthcare and nutrition to vulnerable youngsters, English and computer courses for teenagers, and workshops and guidance for parents and guardians.

  • Cambodia duty-free store opened by DFS

    Cambodia duty-free store opened by DFS

    Luxury travel retailer DFS Group has opened its first T Galleria by DFS store for Cambodia in the resort town of Siem Reap.

    Near the ancient temple of Angkor Wat, T Galleria by DFS, Angkor is the largest Cambodia duty-free luxury department store, offering an integrated retail, hospitality and leisure experience.

    The store is opening in phases until June, bringing 170 brands to the 86,000 sqft (7990 sqm) space, including fashion and accessories, watches and jewellery, wines and spirits, and beauty and fragrances as well as locally handcrafted artisan products.

    Next to Angkor National Museum and overlooking a park, the new outlet features traditional Khmer motifs and carvings by Cambodian artisans. Stone columns feature panels carved in styles reflecting the nearby temples and palaces of Angkor Wat, intricately patterned wall screens and floor tiles evoke local architecture, and a 20m art installation suspended above the store’s vaulted atrium, was inspired by the hues of Buddhist monks’ robes. More than 200 local sales associates will welcome customers.

    Several firsts for Cambodia duty-free come with the opening of the store, such as watches and jewellery brands Bulgari, Carl F Bucherer and Tiffany & Co and international fashion brands Burberry, Bottega Veneta, Fendi, Gucci, Ralph Lauren, Saint Laurent and Zegna. There are also 12 exclusive beauty and fragrance brands such as Bobbi Brown, Cle de Peau Beaute, Mac and Sulwhasoo.

    Among Cambodian artisans featured are Angkor Artwork, whose master craftsmen Eric and Thierry Stocker produce lacquer and straw marquetry using traditional techniques. There is also Golden Silk, one of the last fully integrated silk producers in the world to use the rare yellow silkworm indigenous to Cambodia, and Samatoa, an eco-friendly accessories brand that has revived the technique of lotus-fibre weaving.

    T Galleria by DFS, Angkor has also teamed up with Artisans d’Angkor, a socially conscious business aimed at revitalising Cambodia’s traditional craftsmanship while pioneering a sustainable working environment. Its exclusive collection of handwoven silks and fine crafts were designed by and will benefit local artisans.

    An onsite restaurant, Crystal Jade, will open in June, the first outlet in Cambodia for the Singapore brand. It will serve traditional Chinese cuisine and dim sum dishes in a casual setting overlooking gardens and reflecting pools.

  • Tiffany ‘needs to reconnect’ with consumers

    Tiffany ‘needs to reconnect’ with consumers

    Jeweller Tiffany & Co’s latest results represent a disappointing end to what has been a challenging year for the company.

    The fact that worldwide net sales declined by 2 per cent even on a constant currency basis neatly indicates that the weakness is not solely down to the appreciating dollar. This point is underpinned by the fact that on a constant exchange rate basis all regions – with the exception of Japan – posted negative same store sales growth.

    Looking across the geographies the most problematic region remains the Americas where total sales declined by 8 per cent for the quarter; on a comparable store basis the decline was 10 per cent. While it may be true that some of this is down to weaker tourist spending in key cities where Tiffany has its flagships, it is also the case that Tiffany is struggling to maintain market share and relevance among middle-income and affluent American consumers.

    That this is so is partly down to a much more competitive environment for fashion jewellery, which constitutes an important part of the company’s sales mix. The growth of Pandora across the US, for example, has helped to take some custom away from Tiffany. Although Pandora’s US growth is now on a slower trajectory, we believe it is still gaining market share.

    While Tiffany still has a strong brand, it is notable that the brand resonates most with affluent older shoppers. Among affluent younger shoppers the brand is not viewed negatively but is seen as representing ‘old world luxury’ which does not entirely chime with their lifestyles and values. This means Tiffany often loses out among this important, and growing, group.

    Tiffany has tried to address this problem with the introduction of new fashion focused collections and more accessible introductory price points across some ranges. However, while the changes have been well received, they have been sufficient to change perceptions.

    These are clearly long term issues which have acted as a drag on Tiffany for some time. However, they were exacerbated during the fourth quarter by the lower levels of holiday gifting of jewellery in the US. For a brand like Tiffany, where lavish gifting is an important driver of buying, such a trend was distinctly unhelpful.

    Looking ahead, the upcoming fiscal year will be one in which the declines start to bottom out – especially after the second quarter. However, it is unlikely that the year will be one of much progress and Tiffany will end the year flat to slightly down.

    Growth will only come when Tiffany finds a way to reconnect its brand to the American consumer.

  • Apple executive seeks a touch of chic at retail stores

    Apple executive seeks a touch of chic at retail stores

    Apple’s stores typically spotlight the company’s devices, with the most expensive audio accessories topping out in the hundreds of dollars. The Phantom is the first high-end non-Apple gadget that Ms. Ahrendts, the former chief executive of the fashion house Burberry, has brought in since she took the job. It buttresses some of her other recent moves to create more of a luxury Apple retail experience, including initiating private try-on appointments for the most expensive Apple watches, reducing the numbers and types of accessories that are sold, and pushing manufacturers to make special packaging for gadgets carried in Apple’s stores.

    Ms. Ahrendts “is shaving off some rough edges and completing our sense that the Apple Store is a premium experience,” said Jan Dawson, an analyst at Jackdaw Research.

    Her role in bringing in the Phantom also gives a glimpse into how Ms. Ahrendts has been operating within the world’s biggest company. Since joining Apple, the 55-year-old executive has been relatively quiet publicly. But she moved swiftly and nearly unilaterally on the Phantom, showing how she can push for the products that will shape the store experience.

    The products that Apple stores carry are important because they make up the only customer experience that Apple can fully control, Mr. Dawson said. “The stores are the best physical manifestation of the brand,” he said. “Angela is bringing her sensibility to that experience.”

    Apple declined to comment and declined to make Ms. Ahrendts available for an interview. In a public appearance last month at the Fast Company Innovation Festival, Ms. Ahrendts said she had been working toward Apple’s stores becoming “sleeker and smarter,” as well as unifying Apple’s in-store and online shopping experiences.

    Apple has traditionally sold the most expensive accessories online only, like the $2,700 B&O BeoPlay A9 MKII speaker. “I asked Tim a very simple question: Why do we do it this way?” she said of her boss, Timothy D. Cook, Apple’s chief executive. Mr. Cook told her he didn’t know, she said.

    Ms. Ahrendts’s push will have implications for Apple’s growth. As of September, the company had 463 retail stores worldwide and was focused on expanding in China. The stores account for about 12 percent of Apple’s annual $234 billion in sales, Mr. Dawson estimated. Store revenue rose about 39 percent over the last 12 months, according to eMarketer, with Apple stores generating $5,775 a square foot, or more than any other retailer in the world, beating out Tiffany & Company, Coach and Movado.

    Ms. Ahrendts was known at Burberry for revitalizing the brand, pushing the fashion house into online retail ahead of other luxury apparel companies and forging alliances with tech companies like Apple, through which she outfitted Burberry’s corporate staff with iPads. Mr. Cook hired her in 2013 to make sure that Apple’s stores would evolve and expand.

    At the time, morale had fallen at Apple’s stores, the company’s executives have said. Ron Johnson, a former Target executive who became the first head of Apple’s retail stores, had departed the company in 2011. After a search, he was replaced by John Browett, who had run the British electronics retailer Dixons. Mr. Browett slashed hours and benefits for Apple Store employees.

    Since coming aboard, Ms. Ahrendts has asked for Apple’s 60,000 retail employees to air their grievances and send suggestions, and she sends them weekly three-minute video updates to improve communication. She has started a program so employees can move to other stores worldwide. Ms. Ahrendts has also overseen the opening of new Apple stores, including 14 in China and Hong Kong. For customers, she reduced Apple’s long lines by creating an online reservation system.

    By bringing the Phantom to Apple, Ms. Ahrendts is giving the technology crowd something to love as well. Phantom’s parent company, Devialet, is a brand used by tech executives including Tony Fadell, the chief executive of Nest; Andy Rubin, the co-founder of Android; and Marc Benioff, chief executive of Salesforce.com, said Mr. Sannié. He said Mr. Benioff recently introduced Ms. Ahrendts to him and encouraged her to hear the Phantom.

    For Devialet, moving the Phantom into Apple’s stores is significant. The Paris-based company is known for making amplifiers that can cost as much as $30,000. Until the Apple deal came along, its devices were carried in only a handful of exclusive retailers, including Colette in Paris, Harrods in London and the MoMA store in New York City.

    Since the initial meeting with Ms. Ahrendts, the process of getting the Phantom into Apple’s stores has been smooth, Mr. Sannié said. He and his team have visited almost all of the 14 stores where the speaker will initially be sold to look at display possibilities.

    “We don’t have other global distribution other than the Apple store,” Mr. Sannié said. “We don’t want to be in another chain because millions go to the Apple store looking for excellence, the very best products. This is the best exposure we could want.”

  • China’s Slowdown Is Killing Its Luxury Market

    China’s Slowdown Is Killing Its Luxury Market

    Many investors are unfamiliar with the Chow Tai Fook Jewellery Group, but it is in fact the world’s largest publicly traded jewelry chain.

    The company reported its first half profit for 2015 plunged 42 percent due to weak demand in Hong Kong and Macau and an economic slowdown, Macau Daily Times noted.

    Chow Tai Fook’s net income fell to HK$1.56 billion ($201 million) for the six-month period ending in September. In the same period a year ago, the company’s net income was HK$2.69 billion. Sales for the six-month period fell 4.1 percent from a year ago to HK$28.1 billion, while same-store sales fell 18 percent in Hong Kong and Macau, but rose 0.1 percent in mainland China.

    The company warned investors back in early November that its profits are expected to decline due to the weakness in Hong Kong and Macau, along with an unfavorable sales mix of lower-margin gold products and unrealized hedging losses.

    Is Tiffany Winning Where Chow Tai Fook Is Failing?

    Tiffany & Co. reported its third quarter results on Tuesday. Commenting on the Asia-Pacific region, the company said that total sales rose 6 percent in the third quarter and comparable store sales rose 2 percent. Total sales and comparable store sales in the year-to-date period rose 6 percent and 4 percent, respectively.

    On a constant-exchange-rate basis, Tiffany said that it saw “healthy sales growth” in China, but sales declined again in Hong Kong and Macau.

    Tiffany also announced a total sales and comparable store sales growth in Japan of (FX-neutral) of 34 percent and 24 percent, respectively. According to a report by Bloomberg, Tiffany is “eating Chow Tai Fook’s breakfast” as Chinese tourists accounted for a “significant” portion of the growth Tiffany experienced in Japan.

    Bloomberg also noted that Chinese goods don’t have a “particularly good” reputation among Chinese shoppers, which might also explain why Tiffany is seeing success in a region where Chow Tai Fook “should be cleaning up.”

  • Studio City retail tenants revealed

    Studio City retail tenants revealed

    Studio City and Taubman Asia, have revealed the lineup of fashion brands that will open inside The Boulevard at Studio City.

    A mix of fashion-forward labels and internationally-renowned luxury brands include Macau’s first Balmain, Macau’s first Belstaff, and Tom Ford’s largest store in Asia, amongst many others. The selection was assembled by Taubman Asia and Melco Crown Entertainment’s combined team of retail specialists to meet Chinese consumers’ increasing desire to express their individuality through high quality, expertly crafted clothing and accessories. Bespoke and personal services will be offered to ensure our shoppers take center stage.

    Taubman says The Boulevard at Studio City will bring “an unparalleled shopping experience” to Studio City.

    “Unlike any retail offering to be found in Asia, the unique 35,000 sqm ‘immersive’ retail entertainment environment brings shopping to life by ‘transporting’ visitors to high-energy street-scapes and entertaining them at every turn with featured streets and squares inspired by iconic shopping and entertainment locations, including New York’s Times Square and Hollywood’s Beverly Hills,” Taubman said in a statement.

    “At the futuristic Times Square Macau, inside The Boulevard at Studio City, a variety of entertainment from ‘virtual’ musicians to film stars will be shown through holographic projections.

    “Leveraging our global expertise increating extraordinary retail environments, and our exceptional relationships with the world’s leading brands, our talented team in Asia has brought together an exciting mix of brands for The Boulevard at Studio City,” said René Tremblay, president of Taubman Asia.

    “Our merchandising and management services are the industry standard for performance and excellence. We are thrilled to welcome these brands to our latest project and are committed to supporting them for the long term.”

    List of brands:

    Aeronautica Militare
    Balmain
    Bank of China
    Belstaff
    Boss
    Bottega Veneta
    Bulgari
    Cigar Emporium
    Coach
    Cosmos Food Station
    Din Tai Fung
    Dunhill
    Emporio Armani
    Fendi
    Girard-Perregaux
    Givenchy
    Glashutte Original
    Graff
    Gucci
    Hide Yamamoto
    Hublot
    ICBC
    Trattoria Il Mulino
    Image Digital
    IWC Schaffhausen
    Jaeger-LeCoultre
    Jaquet Droz
    kate spade new york
    Kenzo
    Longines
    McCafe
    McDonald’s
    MCM
    Michael Kors
    Montblanc
    Philipp Plein
    Piaget
    Prada
    Rainbow
    Rimowa
    Roberto Cavalli
    Saint Laurent Paris
    Shiki Hot Pot Restaurant
    Starbucks
    Tag Heuer
    T Galleria Beauty by DFS
    Tiffany & Co.
    Tom Ford
    UM
    Vacheron Constantin
    Valentino
    Van Cleef & Arpels
    Versace Collection
    Ermenegildo Zegna
    Zenith

  • Bangkok malls hit their stride

    Bangkok malls hit their stride

    Among the small circle of mall developers in Bangkok, the default motto has been “the more, the better”. In a city already teeming with over 120 malls, International property consultant CB Richard Ellis says one million square metres of retail space is expected to be completed here this year. Bangkok ranks eighth among the top retail target markets in Asia-Pacific, according to its report.

    As the malls take up vast swaths of land in prime areas, Bangkok risks losing its poignant charms to be just another city with high-rise buildings. Residents have taken up the cause with the Makassan Hope group petitioning the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration to refrain from selling huge plots of state land in the central district to developers.

    There has also been much buzz about the popular street food court on Sukhumvit Soi 38, which will soon make way for condominium blocks.

    Despite that sentiment, Supaluck Umpujh, one of three retail queens who oversaw the development of EmQuartier, says residents have much to gain from modern shopping malls built on the one-stop lifestyle centre model.

    Malls featuring cinemas, restaurants, stores and mini parks provide relief for urban dwellers living in crowded conditions in high-rises, she says.

    “Many people live in condos and they need a place to go out and enjoy social life. You can come to the mall to hang out, get a haircut, send your kid to a learning centre and watch a movie.

    “We are not just building a mall, we are building up a district, that’s our aim,” says the vice chairwoman of The Mall Group.

    EmQuartier is part of the master plan for Em District, which encompasses a 650,000m2 retail zone with three shopping complexes.

    Since its recent launch, the mall has come up with various marketing gimmicks including Pharrell Williams’s flash mob dance by its Gourmet Market staff and the latest #iFeel Instagram campaign.

    “A building can be elegant but cold inside. I want people to come to the mall feeling happy like it is their second home,” she says.

    It is inevitable that more malls will be built, as the older malls with outdated designs and inadequate facilities no longer appeal to shoppers, she says.

    Not just for Thais

    As more malls are opening up, it is a wonder Thais have enough spending power as household debt keeps mounting.

    However, Thailand’s reputation as a popular tourist destination provides a strong customer base.

    “Previously, tourists came to Thailand for sightseeing but did not spend much money shopping. The government has introduced campaigns such as the Amazing Thailand Grand Sale to promote the country as a shopping destination,” she says.

    The prices of luxury goods here may not be very competitive due to the high tax rate, but Bangkok offers cheaper accommodation than other cities like Hong Kong and Singapore.

    “Bangkok can be the Dubai of the East with the number of world-class malls that we have,” she says.

    The Chinese tourist boom and the launch of the Asean Economic Community later this year could further spur the growth of the retail industry in Thailand.

    “Right now, the percentage of Chinese tourists who visit Thailand is still relatively small. Looking at the one billion population in China, there is huge potential to be tapped if more Chinese tourists visit Thailand,” she says.

    Rise of the high-end culture

    As the developer of Emporium, the first upscale mall in Bangkok, which opened its doors during the height of the 1997 economic crisis, Supaluck has weathered her share of the ups-and-downs in the retail market.

    She is unperturbed when figures released by the Bank of Thailand show that retail sales fell from February to April compared to the same months last year.

    “It’s part of life, this is a cycle. Currently, there is a global economic slowdown, many countries have their own problems. Even if the baht drops, we can expect to draw in more tourists, as you can see that the falling euro attracts more tourists to Europe.

    “During the ’97 crisis, Thais travelled less to shop overseas and the lower baht attracted many tourists to Thailand. That was why we were able to do very well with Emporium,” she says.

    The high-end consumer culture too looks to be gaining strength, judging from the rush of international luxury brands to set up flagship stores in Thailand. Jeweller Tiffany & Co and premium confectioner Pierre Herme opened their first outlets in EmQuartier recently.

    “Thai society is status conscious and we are still a developing country. Everyone wants to dress well and look good,” says Supaluck, who first brought in Chanel and Hermes to Thailand.

    While she is driven by the pioneer streak in her to introduce new brands to the local retail scene, she says international brands do not need much convincing, given the strong track record of Siam Paragon and Emporium under her helm.

    “The brands also put much trust and confidence in Thailand as a tourist attraction. They are watching where the Chinese are going and see where is ‘the destination’.”

     

  • Mall Group attracts major names

    Mall Group attracts major names

    Tiffany & Co heads a list of major international brands confirmed as tenants of The Mall Group’s massive new development in the heart of Bangkok.

    The Mall Group is creating The EM District on Sukhumvit Rd, comprising three projects –  The Emporium, The EmQuartier and The EmSphere. The Emporium is under refurbishment and the other two properties are new.

    When complete, the three properties will comprise a total retail space of 650,000 sqm and represent an investment of US$618 million.

    The EM District will be home to more than 1000 Thai and international brands, luxury fashion labels, technology, lifestyle, living and dining facilities.

    The Mall Group this week revealed that jeweller Tiffany & Co will be making its Thai debut in the complex, along with fellow New York-based retailer Van Cleef & Arpels, French brands Haute Joailler, Roger Vivier, a high-end Parisian footwear label, and footwear brand Charlotte Olympia footwear.

    Saint Laurent will open a concept store offering lifestyle items, Tory Burch will open its first full concept boutique, Germany’s MCM promises a flagship of its bags and Sephora will open its largest Thai flagship.

    Other international brands confirmed for the project are Banana Republic, A Bathing Ape, Zara, Massimo Dutti, H&M, Uniqlo, Gap, MNG, Super Dry, Beams, Stylenanda and Uncensored. They’ll join local brands including Fly Now, Greyhound, Soda, Something Boudoir, Senada, Asava, Kloset, Sretsis, Issue, It’s Happened, Disaya, Sanshai, Tube Gallery and Vickteerut.

    Luxury brands already confirmed include Louis Vuitton, Chanel, Dior, Prada, Cartier, Dolce & Gabbana, Celine, Fendi, Gucci, Tod’s, Valentino, Chloe, Loewe, Miu Miu, Salvatore Ferragamo, Balenciaga, Ermenegildo Zegna, Jimmy Choo, Burberry, Emporio Armani, Hugo Boss, Dunhill, Issey Miyake and Club 21.

    The Emporium and The EmQuartier Gourmet Market, under a new concept of high-end and modern gourmet market, will provide food and delicatessens from around the world. The EM District will also incorporate a world-class entertainment complex including Quartier Cineart by cinema operator Major Cineplex Group, with seven and an Imax.

    Rival cinema group SF Cinema City will open Emprive Cineclub billed as “a completely renovated six-star theatre”.

    The EM District will be home to more than 10 venues and halls, including The Quartier Hall, Parc Quartier, Quartier Avenue and Emporium Gallery, ranging from 200 to 2000 sqm, available to host exhibitions, fashion events, music and art festivals and product launches.

    Food is another key element. The EM District will feature a broad range of international and local food brands, including Dean & Deluca, Harrods, Cova and TWG. Jones the Grocer, a gourmet food store originating in Australia, will make its debut. along with Pierre Herme French macaroon boutique that directly imports every macaroon from France.