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  • Vietnam banks among 500 most valuable brands

    Vietnam banks among 500 most valuable brands

    Four Vietnamese lenders, three state-owned and one private, are among the world’s top 500 most valuable brands this year. In an annual ranking by BrandFinance, VietinBank was ranked 242, BIDV, 307, Vietcombank, 325, and VPBank, 361. Last year, VietinBank, BIDV and Vietcombank, three major Vietnamese banks, made it to this elite list, and this year is the first time that a Vietnamese private bank, VPBank, has made it to the Brand Finance Banking 500.

    In this year’s ranking, BIDV is one of top ten banks in the world in terms of brand strength, with growth of 22 percent; while VietinBank is one of top ten banks with biggest Brand Value Change 2018-2019 with a whopping 66 percent increase.

    Chinese bank Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) continues to sit on the throne this year, followed by three others Chinese lenders in the top four.

    According to the UK-based Brand Finance, a leading independent brand valuation and strategy consultancy, Chinese banking brands have grown “at an outstanding rate despite fears of an economic slowdown and the rise of protectionism in international trade.”

    It said Chinese banks grew 28 percent on average, achieving $407 billion in total brand value, over $100 billion more than American banks.

    In August last year, Vietnam’s government approved a master plan for banking sector development until 2025 with a vision to 2030.

    The plan envisages at least 2-3 banks in Asia’s top 100 in terms of total assets and targets to have 3-5 banks listed on foreign stock exchanges by 2025.

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  • Record earnings for Maybank Indonesia

    Record earnings for Maybank Indonesia

    PT Bank Maybank Indonesia Tbk’s (Maybank Indonesia) profit after tax and minority interests (patami) for the financial year ended Dec 31, 2018 surged 21.6% to a new high of Rp2.2 trillion (RM640 million) on the back of higher net interest income (NII) and continued improvement in asset quality.

    The bank’s profit before tax (PBT) jumped 20.5% to a record Rp3 trillion, its highest achievement to date, while NII grew 5.2% to Rp8.1 trillion in December 2018 compared with Rp7.7 trillion in the previous corresponding period, it said in a statement today.

    Additionally, it said continuous implementation of disciplined pricing coupled with improved operational efficiencies enabled the bank to contain pressures on interest margin, resulting in improvement in net interest margin by 7 basis points (bps) to 5.2%.

    The bank’s asset quality also improved significantly as reflected by lower non-performing loan (NPL) levels of 2.6% (gross) and 1.5% (net) as at Dec 31, 2018 compared with 2.8% (gross) and 1.7% (net) respectively in the previous year.

    Following that, Maybank Indonesia was able to reduce its loan loss provisions by 38.6% to Rp1.3 trillion as of December 2018.

    Its loans grew 6.3% to Rp133.3 trillion from Rp125.4 trillion in the previous year.

    It also maintained a strong capital position with total capital reaching Rp26.1 trillion in FY18, while capital adequacy ratio (CAR) improved to 19% from 17.5%.

    Maybank Indonesia president commissioner and Maybank group president and CEO Datuk Abdul Farid Alias said the bank’s outstanding results for FY18 testify to its commitment towards sustainable business growth, as well as its relentless pursuit in ensuring sound asset quality, improved operational efficiency and better overall productivity.

    “Although the operating environment continues to remain challenging, we believe that we are poised for further growth in the coming year,” he added.

  • Malaysian banks to maintain earnings potential this year

    Malaysian banks to maintain earnings potential this year

    Analysts believe that the banking sector will be able to maintain its earnings potential this year, as margin pressure is expected to ease and continued loans growth with stable asset quality. MIDF Research said while the industry’s loans growth moderated to 5.6% year-on-year (y-o-y) as at December 2018 due to moderation in business loans and loans for the purchase of residential properties, the growth was still slightly above its expectations.

    “As for CY19, we expect a moderation in loans growth to 4.7% y-o-y due to the high base effect. We also believe that deposits growth will moderate to 5.3% y-o-y due to lower growth in fixed deposits growth this year,” the research house said in a note.

    “This also means that there will be accretion in value for banks’ book value. Hence, we maintain our ‘positive’ view on the sector,” it added.

    Overall, MIDF Research said it is cautiously optimistic of the banking sector continuing its solid performance in 2019.

    Given the current market conditions, the research house said its top picks for the sector are Maybank, CIMB and Public Bank.

    In a separate note, AmBank Research said it expects that the foreign fund inflows into emerging markets would benefit the share prices of the liquid banking stocks as the US Fed rate hike is tapering off.

    Therefore, the research house said it maintained its “overweight” stance for the sector with “buy” calls on RHB Bank, Public Bank, Alliance Bank, BIMB Holdings, Maybank as well as MBSB. Its tops picks include Maybank, Public and RHB Bank.

    AmBank Research noted that Maybank’s earnings are well diversified and the bank is still recording positive JAWs (a technical term that denotes income growth exceeding that of expenses) with growth in total income outpacing expenses.

    It added that Maybank’s net interest margins could also improve further ahead with the lowering of its funding cost as the group releases the excess liquidity built-up in the first half of financial year 2018 (1HFY18).

    “Meanwhile, dividend yield for the stock continues to be attractive relative to peers with its high payout ratio while potentially offering investors higher returns with the reinvestment of their dividends into additional shares under the DRS (dividend reinvestment scheme),” it added.

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  • CIMB completes Asean footprint

    CIMB completes Asean footprint

    CIMB Group Holdings Bhd is finally completing its operating footprint in Asean with the launch of its banking presence in the Philippines. It has received regulatory approval from the Securities and Exchange Commission of the Philippines for its investment banking joint-venture in the country, CIMB Bancom Capital Corporation.

    CIMB Group CEO (group ventures and partnerships) Effendy Shahul Hamid said CIMB Bancom will look to deliver value added advisory and cross-border capital market services to Philippine corporates looking to expand and grow across Asean, as well as capitalise on CIMB’s strong presence in the region to originate inbound deals to the Philippines.

    CIMB Bank Philippines Inc (CIMB Philippines) aspires to be the nation’s first all-digital and mobile-first bank, promising to make banking simpler, more convenient, and hassle-free, according to the group’s statement.

    “We look forward to bringing a differentiated and digital proposition to the market. Internet and mobile penetration in the Philippines remains one of the highest in the world, a clear sign of the progressive and modern society we hope to serve,” said Effendy.

    CIMB Philippines CEO Vijay Manoharan noted that consumers need innovative financial solutions that are relevant to their needs as well as help them get ahead and advance their financial well-being, but they do not necessarily need a physical bank.

    “By offering most of our products via the Octo app securely, we are offering the next-level any day, any time convenience for our customers by enabling them to effectively ‘carry’ our bank branch in the palm of their hands.”

    CIMB Philippines’ partners include 7-Eleven and DragonPay, with a total of 8,000 convenient customer touchpoints nationwide.

    The CIMB Bank Visa-powered Debit Card is accepted at any of the 20,000 Bancnet, Visa, and Visa Plus automatic teller machine (ATMs) nationwide and two million Visa and Visa Plus ATMs worldwide.

    To cater to those who want to really start preparing for what’s ahead and save for the future, CIMB Bank offers the UpSave Account, which allows greater savings with its high interest rate of 2% per annum (eight times higher than other banks).

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  • Maybank Malaysia vaults into list of world’s top 500 brands

    Maybank Malaysia vaults into list of world’s top 500 brands

    Maybank has made it into the world’s top 500 brands for the first time, after it was named in Brand Finance’s Global 500 Brands – the only Malaysian bank and one of two Malaysian brands to be included in this prestigious listing. Maybank achieved a brand valuation of US$4.2 billion (RM17.3 billion), a 32% increase from last year’s valuation of US$3.16 billion according to its statement.

    Maybank said the group also maintained its position as the top bank brand in Malaysia for the fifth year running, improving its previous rating of “AAA-” to “AAA”.

    At the same time, it registered an increase in the Brand Strength Index (BSI) to 86/100 this year from 82/100 previously. BSI is a key driver that contributes to brand valuation and determines the strength of a brand.

    Maybank was among only eight Asean brands listed in the global ranking. It was placed 494 in the world’s top 500 most valuable brands list.

    Maybank group president and CEO Datuk Abdul Farid Alias said the recognition was a reflection of Maybank’s sustained efforts in building closer relationships with its stakeholders and focusing on delivering consistent value through all its products and services.

    “It is definitely a great honour for Maybank to be listed among the top brands in the world today. We believe it also demonstrates how a homegrown brand from Malaysia is defining new standards and raising the bar in the global stage with support from all its stakeholders.”

    Farid added that Maybank’s strategy in developing a meaningful brand experience was centred on its mission to humanise financial services, as well as its commitment to being at the heart of communities where it operates.

    “While we will continue to strengthen our brand positioning across all our engagement channels, we are also focusing on providing next-generation customer experience given that technology is rapidly influencing our lifestyles and the way people do banking today,” he said.

    Brand Finance in its annual survey, values the brands of thousands of the world’s biggest companies. The results of this analysis are then ranked with the world’s 500 most valuable brands featured in the Brand Finance Global 500 report.

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  • Vietnamese banks report plunge in profits

    Vietnamese banks report plunge in profits

    While profit across the banking sector grew by an estimated 40 percent last year, VietinBank, LienVietPostBank and SaigonBank have reported steep declines. The biggest surprise came from state-owned VietinBank, the country’s second biggest lender by assets, which reported a 25 percent fall in profits before tax to go out of the group of five most profitable banks in the country.

    Le Duc Tho, its chairman, said this was a result of having to restrict operations last quarter to begin restructuring.

    Asset growth, credit growth and capital mobilization grew by 6-10 percent, lower than targeted.

    LienVietPostBank reported a 30 percent decline in profit before tax as a result of losses related to securities investments and low marginal interest rates.

    It achieved losses of nearly VND5 billion ($215,140) from securities investments whereas in 2017 it had made a profit of VND380 billion ($16.35 million).

    SaigonBank’s profit before tax fell by more than 26 percent due to provisioning for bad debts. The bank had to increase provision for bad debts by 22 percent to an amount equivalent to 87 percent of its profit from business operations.

    Its bad debts doubled in the first half of 2018 to nearly VND900 billion ($38.72 million), but by the end of the year it brought the rate down from 6.48 percent during mid-year to 2.2 percent. It involved provisioning of VND287 billion ($12.35 million).

    HSBC Vietnam CEO Pham Hong Hai said from 2019 bad debts could reemerge as a problem for banks after the recent lending spurt and the instability of the global financial markets.

    As a result, banks’ profits would most likely see a downward trend this year, he warned.

    The State Bank of Vietnam targets credit growth of 14 percent this year, the same as last year, and keeping non-performing loans to below 2 percent.

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  • Maybank Malaysia bags ‘The Banker’s Bank’ award

    Maybank Malaysia bags ‘The Banker’s Bank’ award

    Malayan Banking Bhd (Maybank) clinched The Banker’s Bank of the Year 2018 in Malaysia award with its fresh thinking on how to provide the best service quality to previously underserved consumers. In a statement, The Banker Editorial said Maybank launched HouzKEY, an innovative rent-to-own product, the first of its kind in Malaysia, recognising a gap in the market to provide services to Islamic banking customers.

    “With a growing demand for affordable homes in the country, Maybank created this alternative solution, which allows for home ownership through a leasing scheme that does not require a deposit.

    “Customers have a flat rate rental payment for five years, and at the end of that time, have the option to purchase the property at a price agreed at the start of the contract, continue to rent with a 2% annual rent increase, or to terminate the contract with no obligation,” it said.

    The scheme is Shariah-compliant, being based on the Ijarah principle of leasing.

    Maybank president/CEO Datuk Abdul Farid Alias said the bedrock of its success is predicated on the bank’s mission of humanising financial services, which drives it to innovate and offer financial solutions that enrich the lives of customers.

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  • Vietnamese banks report solid profits, employees hopeful of high bonuses

    Vietnamese banks report solid profits, employees hopeful of high bonuses

    With Vietnamese banks reporting substantial profits last year many of their employees are expecting higher Lunar New Year bonuses. The banking sector’s overall profit before tax increased by 40 percent year-on-year, according to the National Financial Supervisory Commission. Vietcombank, the largest bank by market capitalization, said in a recent report that its consolidated pre-tax profit was up 62 percent to VND18.3 trillion ($789.55 million).

    TPBank said pre-tax profit doubled to VND2.26 trillion ($97.5 million), exceeding its target of VND2.2 trillion ($94.93 million). The lender’s profit has almost quadrupled against 2015.

    Sacombank’s profit before tax of VND2.2 trillion ($94.93 million) was 20 percent higher than its target.

    Bank employees are thrilled by the performance ahead of Tet, Vietnam’s Lunar New Year, which falls on February 5 this year.

    Mai, a Sacombank worker who asked to be identified only by her given name, said: “Our bank’s profit is a few times that of 2017, so we hope to have a higher bonus.”

    Minh Nhat of Orient Commercial Bank, said his bank determines Tet bonuses based on the performance of each branch and individual. Last year his most productive colleagues had received a five-month bonus, while everyone got at least a month’s salary as bonus. He hopes this year it would be even higher.

    Le Minh Tan, director of the Ho Chi Minh City Department of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs, told VnExpress that the highest Tet bonus this year is by a HCMC-based bank — VND1.17 billion ($50,493) for an employee.

    Companies plan to pay VND3.4 million ($147) on average, 30 percent higher than last year, he added.

    Three bank leaders said they are still calculating the rewards.

    “We calculate rewards using personal KPI (key performance indicator) and branch productivity, so the bonus will vary between individuals,” one CEO said, adding that some employees would receive a three- or four-month bonus or even higher, while some would get nothing.

  • Outlook for local banking sector remains challenging: Kenanga Research

    Outlook for local banking sector remains challenging: Kenanga Research

    The banking sector’s outlook is challenging due to external concerns while clarity and direction on the domestic front remain murky, according to Kenanga Research, which maintained a neutral stance for the sector as no fundamental change is expected, and the sector lacks concrete catalysts. “We view the industry with caution as uncertainties and headwinds still prevail. The industry remains unexciting, dragged by moderate loan growth and soft capital markets. Prevailing negative sentiment both globally and domestically will continue to drive volatility and uncertainty in the industry. Caution will still prevail due to the soft economy outlook globally,“ the research house said in a note today.

    It said banks with healthy asset quality (hence low impairment allowances) will still be the favour due to their defensive quality.

    “As such, selective asset growth will still be the focus for the banks. Despite stable economic outlook in the domestic environment coupled with low unemployment, we opine that cautiousness and selective assets growth will still prevail in the industry,“ Kenanga Research explained.

    It said loan growth moving forward will still be moderate as uncertainties prevail with fee-based income expected to be soft as a result of the volatile capital market. However, with the stable outlook, this will support a moderate and stable credit charge for the industry.

    “We expect impairment allowances (credit costs) to be stable and consistent (as it had been generally in 2018) which will lend support to the banks’ bottom line. We do not discount another potential up-cycle of impairment allowances, especially those highly exposed to the energy sector (CIMB, Maybank and RHB Bank) as energy prices have been under pressure due to the perceived economic slowdown both domestically and globally.”

    Kenanga Research expects mild compression for net interest margin (NIM) as most of the banks’ loan-to-deposit ratio and loan-to-fund ratio are over 90% and 80%, respectively, as compression will be mitigated by soft credit demand. The deferment of NSFR (net stable funding ratio) into 2020 plus the absence of high credit demand will support the outlook for a stable to mild compression in NIM.

    “However, looking at the slowing momentum in household demand, we do not discount the likelihood of competitive lending rates in the short term as banks strive to achieve their loan growth target. This competition will ultimately lead to further downside pressure on NIM.”

    The research house has revised downwards the 2018/2019 earnings estimates by 80bps/30bps to +6.7%/+5.6% respectively.

    “For 2019, earnings are slower at +5.6% year-on-year (yoy) as we based from these assumptions of credit charge at 0.33%; and slight compression on NIM by 3bps and a higher pace from fee-based income (+6.6% yoy due to a lower base).”

    It also toned its outlook on loan growth for FY18 at +4.7% (from +4.9% previously) on account of revision of prevailing headwinds.

    Kenanga Research reiterated its outperform call for BIMB Holdings Bhd, as its financing portfolio (70% of total financing) is skewed towards household (75% first-time buyers for residential property) with focus on growing its personal financing will minimise NIM compression.

    Another preferred pick is Malaysia Building Society Bhd (MBSB), which is expected to achieve 3-4% growth driven by corporate loans/financing as another RM950 million is expected to be disbursed in Q4 18.

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  • Voon Seng Chuan is new AmBank Malaysia chairman

    Voon Seng Chuan is new AmBank Malaysia chairman

    AMMB Holdings Bhd has appointed Voon Seng Chuan (pic) as the new chairman of AmBank (M) Bhd with effect from Jan 1, 2019. “Voon, a Malaysian, aged 60, has been a member of the board of directors of AmBank since June 18, 2015. He is also a member of the board of directors of AMMB,” AMMB said in a stock exchange filing on its directorship/chairmanship transition plan.

    Voon replaces Tan Sri Azman Hashim, 79, who will be retiring from six entities in the AmBank group in stages over a two-year period announced last year.

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  • Indonesia December Inflation Cools, Stays Within Bank Indonesia Target

    Indonesia December Inflation Cools, Stays Within Bank Indonesia Target

    Indonesia’s December annual inflation rate eased, but the pace was quicker than expected, data from the Central Statistics Agency, or BPS, showed on Wednesday. The annual inflation rate in December was 3.13 percent, the agency said, lower than November’s 3.23 percent, but quicker than the median forecast of 2.98 percent. The December rate was well within Bank Indonesia’s target range of 2.5 percent to 4.5 percent for 2018.

    On a monthly basis, the consumer price index rose 0.62 percent due to rising food prices and transportation fares.

    The annual core inflation rate, which excludes government-controlled and volatile prices, was 3.07 percent, matching the poll’s prediction and representing a slight acceleration from November’s 3.03 percent.

    The central bank raised interest rates six times last year to defend the rupiah, which hit its lowest in 20 years in October. However, the currency pared some losses closer to the end of the year due to capital inflows

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  • Vietnamese banks deposit rates rise as usual at year end

    Vietnamese banks deposit rates rise as usual at year end

    Banks usually hike deposit interest rates and even offer promotions at the year end, and this year has been no different. On December 19 Sacombank announced a rise in interest rates on deposits of three months from 5.2-5.3 percent to 5.5 percent, and on deposits of 12 months from 6.9 percent to 7.7 percent. VPBank has increased its rates by 0.1-0.7 percentage points, with deposits of 18 months and more carrying the highest rate of 7.8 percent.

    State-owned banks such as BIDV and Vietinbank have hiked rates by 0.1 to 0.5 percentage points.

    The management of a joint-stock bank headquartered in the south said lending usually rises in the last quarter of the year to meet the rising demand for short-term credit to serve the working capital needs of companies.

    As a result, many banks increase their deposit rates, especially for short terms, it said.

    Besides, experts said lenders are running out of time to use 45 percent of short-term capital for medium- and long-term loans, with the ratio to be reduced to 40 percent on January 1.

    The National Financial Supervisory Commission has recently estimated that credit growth to have slowed significantly to 15 percent this year from 18 percent in 2017.

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  • Maybank sees marginally lower net profit for Q3

    Maybank sees marginally lower net profit for Q3

    Malayan Banking Bhd posted marginally lower net profit for the third quarter ended Sept 30, 2018 of RM1.96 billion, compared with RM2.03 billion in the corresponding quarter in 2017, on lower net operating income, higher allowances for impairment losses on loans, advances, financing and other debts and lower share of profits in associates and joint ventures .

    For the quarter under review, the group registered a net operating income of RM5.69 billion, compared with RM5.89 billion a year earlier, impacted by a dip in fee based income owing mainly to lower investment and trading proceeds as well as foreign exchange fluctuations. Notwithstanding this, operating profit for the third quarter ended Sept 30, 2018 was higher at RM2.61 billion from RM2.60 billion a year, as the group benefited from lower overhead expenses which declined 6.2% from a year earlier, as well as lower impairment losses which fell 5.5%.

    Maybank group said its key priorities for 2018 include maintaining pricing discipline across our products, focus on attaining cheaper funding sources to support loan growth, growing our loan portfolio within our risk appetite, while proactively managing our asset quality.

    The group has implemented MFRS 9 on Jan 1, 2018, of which the impairment assessment is based on the expected credit loss model that uses forward looking assumptions as opposed to an incurred loss model under the previous accounting standard. The group’s capital and liquidity positions remain strong notwithstanding the implementation of MFRS 9.

    Barring any unforeseen circumstances, the group expects its financial performance for 2018 to be satisfactory against the expected growth prospects of its key home markets. The group has set its Headline Key Performance Indicator for Return on Equity of 11%.

    Net profit for the nine month period ended Sept 30, 2018, was 7.39% higher at RM5.79 billion, compared with RM5.39 billion for the period in 2017.

    This was on 3.82% higher revenue of RM35.09 billion, compared with RM33.79 billion.

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  • CIMB Group Q3 net profit up 4.2%

    CIMB Group Q3 net profit up 4.2%

    CIMB Group Holdings Bhd posted 4.2% higher net profit for the third quarter ended Sept 30, 2018 of RM1.18 billion, compared with RM1.13 billion for the same quarter in 2017 with contribution from all segments except wholesale banking. This was despite group revenue coming in 6.4% lower at RM4.14 billion, compared with RM4.42 billion.

    CIMB Group said the decline in operating in the quarter under review, was attributed to declines in non-interest income and net interest income of 17.0% and 1.6%, respectively.

    Consumer Banking profit before tax (PBT) grew 3.9% year-on-year (Y-o-Y) from better cost management. Regional Commercial Banking PBT rose 450.0% Y-o-Y from the reduction in provisions. Wholesale Banking PBT was 41.7% lower Y-o-Y across all wholesale segments given the weaker capital markets. Group Asset Management and Investments (Gami) PBT was 542.9% higher Y-o-Y from improvement in private markets, while Group Funding for the third quarter ended Sept 30, 2018 PBT was flat Y-o-Y.

    “As 2018 draws to a close, we remain on track to meet our key T18 targets. However, we remain cautious amidst weaker regional economies and global trade tensions. Against this backdrop, we will continue to control asset quality and cost across all businesses and geographies, while we finalise our next mid-term plan to propel CIMB onto a stronger growth trajectory,” said Group Chief Executive Tengku Datuk Seri Zafrul Aziz.

    Net profit for the nine month period was 30.8% higher at RM4.47 billion, compared with RM3.41 billion for the period ended Sept 30, 2017.

    Revenue for the period was also higher at RM13.31 billion, compared with RM13.11 billion.

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  • Hana Bank reveals Vietnam expansion plan

    Hana Bank reveals Vietnam expansion plan

    South Korean banks are setting themselves up to score big in Vietnam as foreign ownership limits would be loosened. South Korea’s second-largest lender by assets, KEB Hana Bank, is interested in buying a 17.65 percent stake in the Bank for Investment and Development of Vietnam (BIDV), a source said. BIDV is currently the second-largest state-owned lender in Vietnam by assets. 95.28 percent of its equity belongs to the country’s central bank, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV).

    The SBV has “proposed to sell” the stake to KEB Hana for 30 billion won ($26.6 million), said the source, who requested anonymity.

    Last year, Shinhan Bank, a commercial banking unit under Seoul-based Shinhan Financial Group, acquired ANZ Vietnam’s retail unit, bringing along the Australian bank’s 95,000 credit card customers.

    Shinhan Bank has recently become the largest foreign bank in Vietnam with $3.3 billion in assets, surpassing HSBC.

    Vietnam presented a draft securities law in Hanoi earlier this month that would remove the current 49 percent foreign ownership cap in many sectors, allowing majority or even 100 percent ownership of a company.

    Although the limit for banks remains at 30 percent, government economic advisor Can Van Luc said at the draft presentation forum on November 7 that authorities would consider raising this limit for banks on a case-by-case basis, Reuters reported.

    Analysts say Vietnam’s growth potential and deregulation plans make it an attractive market for South Korean banks.

    “Vietnam is the most desirable market among emerging countries,” said Seo Young-soo, an analyst at Kiwoom Securities.

    “It has more advanced urbanization, and its market is more concentrated compared to Indonesia. Its government-driven economic development model is also familiar to South Korean banks, which have grown under the same strategy,” Seo said.

    Data from the Seoul-based regulator Financial Supervisory Service (FSS) show that total assets held by South Korean banks in Vietnam increased 18.9 percent last year to $5.7 billion.

    This ratio is higher than that of foreign lenders overall, whose combined total assets increased 12.9 percent to $42 billion during the same period, FSS said. South Korean lenders’ combined net profit in Vietnam also jumped 28.9 percent last year to $61 million.

    Vietnam has nine wholly-owned foreign banks, four state-owned banks and 31 domestic joint-stock banks.

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